There are three techniques that are commonly used to create contacts: thin-film vacuum evaporation, sputtering and electroplating. With vacuum evaporation, the device is suspended above a Tungsten or Molybdenum boat containing the metal to be deposited on to the surface of the device. The boat is heated either by applying a current through it or by electron bombardment, vaporising the metal within the boat. Within the vacuum, atoms of the metal are emitted from the surface and travel in all directions, condensing on the inside of the bell-jar. A mask is used to control the geometry of the evaporated film on the device.
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